It deals with spiral, elliptical and dwarf galaxies, their dynamics and chemical evolution. Furthermore the lecture gives an overview of galaxy interactions, as well as structure formation and galaxy clusters. It also deals with basic cosmology and the evidence for dark matter.

Letöltés fejezetenként:

Chapter 1: Introduction

History

Orders of magnitude

Basic open questions

Bibliography

Chapter 2: Galaxy Morphology and Classification

Galaxy classification schemes

Luminosities of bulges and disks

Pitch angle as a function of the Hubble-type

Other galaxy types

Mass-luminosity ratios

Chapter 3: Chemical Evolution

Production and emission of the elements

Initial mass function (IMF)

Star formation rate (SFR)

Basic chemical evolution model

Solution of the chemical evolution equations

Chapter 4: Stellar and Galactic Dynamics

Relaxation of stellar systems

The collisionless Boltzmann equation

The Jeans equations

The virial equations

Chapter 5 (Part I): Spiral Galaxies

Components of spiral galaxies

Radial brightness and density profiles

Characteristic parameters of bulges and disks

Globular cluster systems of galaxies

Star formation history (SFH) in spirals

Stellar population of the galactic bulge

Stellar population of the solar neighbourhood

Chapter 5 (Part II): Spiral Galaxies

Rotation of spirals

Dark matter in spiral galaxies

Orbits of stars in disks: the epicycle approximation

Stability of disks

Spiral structure in disks

Simulations of spiral structure

Chapter 6: Dwarf Galaxies

Overview

Stellar populations and chemistry of dwarf galaxies

Kinematics of dwarf galaxies

Neutrino phase space density in comparison with the phase spacedensity of dark matter in dwarf galaxies

Chapter 7 (Part I): Elliptical Galaxies

Overview

Global parameters

Isophotes and the shape of elliptical galaxies

Dynamics and kinematics

Mass-to-light ratios

Chapter 7 (Part II): Elliptical Galaxies

Mass determination for spherical galaxies using velocity dispersion profiles

Fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies

Hot X-ray gas around elliptical galaxies

Stellar populations of elliptical galaxies

Why do elliptical galaxies exist?

Chapter 8: Mergers of Galaxies

Chapter 9: Active Galactic Nuclei

AGN types

Structure of the active galactic nuclei

The unified model of the active galactic nuclei

Chapter 10: Local Universe

Local group

Supergalactic plane

Distribution of nearby groups

Large-scale distribution of galaxies

Chapter 11: Gravitational Lensing

Basics of gravitational lensing

Lensing geometry and lens equation

Einstein radius and critical surface density

Magnification by a point mass lens

Effective lensing potential

Chapter 12: Clusters and Groups of Galaxies

Selection Criteria for Clusters and Groups

Nearby Galaxy Clusters

Luminosity Functions

Characteristic Time Scales for Groups and Clusters

X-Ray Gas in Galaxy Clusters

Masses of Galaxy Clusters

Chapter 13: The Homogeneous Universe

Big-bang scenario: basic observations and assumptions

Robertson-Walker metric dd>Friedmann equations

Basic cosmological parameters

Redshift

Dynamics of homogeneous universes

Evolution of physical properties

Chapter 14: The Early Universe

Cosmic microwave background (CMB)

Decoupling of the radiation

Primordial nucleosynthesis

Chapter 15: Structure Formation in the Universe

Angular power spectrum of CMB fluctuations

Linear growth of structure

Non-linear growth: the spherical collapse model

Different types of dark matter

N-body simulations

Chapter 16: Galaxy Evolution

Faint galaxy counts

Butcher-Oemler effect

Lyman-alpha forest

Evolution of elliptical galaxies

Evolution of spiral galaxies

High-redshift galaxies

Hubble Deep Field (HDF)